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Below, clockwise: 1) 1969 back row: Paul Pretorius, Barry Streek, Graham Walker, Ken Costa, ? Deon Irish. Front Robert Greig, Neville Curtis, Horst Kleinschmidt. 2) and 3) Reinhoud Boers visiting me in January 2023 - we were mates at school, 4) Me outside St George's Cathedral 2023 to attend anti-corruption rally, 5) With David Hemson, trade union activist since we met during university days. Here he visits and we went to listen to live jazz at Urban Soul.
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On 15 October 1998 Sweden's Ambassador in Pretoria, on behalf of King Carl Gustaf of Sweden, conferred the Order of the Polar Star, First Class, on HK.
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Noel Williams and HK in January 2022 in our garden in St James, Cape Town. Noel worked with me in Fisheries and we've been friends since the early 2000s.
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Ilona and Horst at Maurie Aronson's Bar Mitzvah, 1970s
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Updated October 2020
Name: Kleinschmidt, Horst Gerhard Hermann.
Address: 10 Jacobs Ladder, St James, 7945, Cape Town.
Tel. numbers: 021 788 2174 0r 361 2790
Email: [email protected]
Born: 17 October 1945, Swakopmund, Namibia.
In summary: Human Rights activist, leader in the National Union of South African Students (NUSAS) and South African Christian Institute (CI). Detained under apartheid laws and eventually forced into exile. In exile he represented Beyers Naudé and became the head of International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa (IDAF). Post 1994 he worked in the service delivery and human rights sectors and for Government as head of the Fisheries Department.
In 1949 his family moved to Johannesburg where he grew up. His schooling took place at the German School in Johannesburg and partly at Hoër Jongens Skool, Paarl.
Kleinschmidt comes from a family of missionaries, the earliest of whom arrived at the Cape in 1811. In 1814, German-born Missionary Hinrich Schmelen and Khoenkhoen-born Zara Hendricks-//Geixas from Pella on the Gariep, later Orange River. When they lived in Komaggas, Northern Cape, one of their three daughters married Missionary Heinrich Kleinschmidt in 1842. The family was split by the racial practices that prevailed in both the London and the Rhenish Mission Societies, the laws of the British and German Colonial administrations in southern Africa and, finally, by apartheid. Kleinschmidt continues his quest to reconcile his family divided by prejudice and skin colour. In 2014 and 2017 he was instrumental in organising united family gatherings in Komaggas, Northern Cape and in Fransfontein, Namibia.
Kleinschmidt attended the University of the Witwatersrand from 1966 to 1969 and received a bachelor’s degree in Afrikaans and German and holds a teaching diploma from the Johannesburg College of Education. He never taught because he and the education authorities clashed over his political activities.
In 1969 Kleinschmidt was elected Vice President of NUSAS was elected Vice Chairperson of the Student Representative Council at the Johannesburg College of Education.
In particular, three events clouded his career prospects: he had invited a black speaker to address the students on campus – something the authorities disallowed; he wrote articles about black education, had these published in the local student magazine and provided hundreds of extra copies for students at black campuses where publications containing dissent were not allowed. And in 1969 he and other student leaders led a student march to the infamous John Vorster Square police station where Winnie Mandela and 20 others were being held without charge or trial. The protest was against detention without charge or trial. He and others were arrested, charged and found guilty under the Riotous Assemblies Act (General Laws Amendment Act). The Rector of the Education College warned Kleinschmidt that he had placed his education career in jeopardy.
In 1971, Kleinschmidt was charged under the Suppression of Communism Act for possession of banned (forbidden) literature after a raid on his flat in Milnerton, Cape Town. The raid resulted from the arrest and murder by the police of Ahmed Timol. Timol appeared to have an address list on which Kleinschmidt’s name appeared. Kleinschmidt was acquitted in court with a warning.
In 1972, he started work for the South African Christian Institute led by Dominee Beyers Naudé, the dissident white Afrikaner leader. Appointed with him was Steve Biko, founder of the Black Consciousness movement in South Africa. The two were friends and had collaborated since student days. In that year, the authorities permanently withdrew Kleinschmidt’s passport, preventing him from traveling abroad. When Winnie Mandela was imprisoned for six months in 1974, for breaking her banning order, Nelson Mandela (from prison on Robben Island and through his attorney) and Winnie Mandela, appointed Kleinschmidt as the legal guardian of the two Mandela daughters, Zenani and Zindzi.
In 1974, the all-white Parliament of South Africa appointed a Commission to secretly probe the activities of the Christian Institute and other organisations. Together with the other leadership of the Christian Institute, Kleinschmidt refused to testify unless the proceedings were held in the open. For this they were charged under the Commissions Act. In Kleinschmidt’s case a ‘mistrial’ was recorded due to technical errors committed by the prosecution. His wife at the time, Ilona was sentenced to six months imprisonment. When she presented herself at the prison, she found that an anonymous person had paid her fine. It later transpired that a white politician had arranged payment to prevent her from becoming a martyr to the anti-apartheid cause.
In 1975, a month after he was appointed Assistant to Ds Beyers Naudé, Kleinschmidt was detained under Section 6 of the Terrorism Act that gave police powers to detain and interrogate persons without charge or a court hearing. He spent 73 days in solitary confinement. The police suspected him of having been recruited by an underground organisation led by the Afrikaans poet, Breyten Breytenbach who was arrested on the grounds of forming an illegal organisation. When no links between the two could be established, Kleinschmidt was released.
Whilst working at the Christian Institute his duties included finding evidence of people who had “disappeared”. At the time, police would regularly detain activists without admitting to the arrests. Secretly, he provided Amnesty International and the International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa (IDAF) with his information.
In 1973 he acted as election agent in the white elections to field a Social Democrat candidate, Peter Randall, also an employee of the Christian Institute.
After his release, Kleinschmidt returned to the Christian Institute. For the first time he also carried out work for the outlawed and underground African National Congress. When he and his group were tipped off that they were about to be arrested, Kleinschmidt fled South Africa. Many of his associates were later arrested and sentenced to long periods of imprisonment in the trial known as the “Tokyo Sexwale and 11 others” trial. Because Kleinschmidt did not have a passport to leave South Africa, a friend – the Reverend Cedric Mayson – flew him in as a ‘parcel’ in a light aircraft to neighbouring Botswana. Despite round the clock surveillance of his home, the authorities did not detect his escape. Kleinschmidt spent 15 years in exile, the first three of which were in the Netherlands, and the remainder in the United Kingdom.
Kleinschmidt has one daughter, Zindzi Nadja, born in 1974. From the age of two until she was nine, she was refused a passport and was therefore unable to visit her father. When Helen Suzman, opposition member of Parliament, questioned the refusal to grant Zindzi Kleinschmidt a passport, the Minister of Police, Jimmy Kruger, replied: “I know the age of the applicant; I will still refuse her a passport.”
After Kleinschmidt’s escape from South Africa in April 1976 Naudé appointed him Overseas Representative of the Christian Institute, based in Utrecht, Netherlands. In October 1977, the Christian Institute, together with all Black Consciousness organisations, was outlawed in South Africa. Immediately after the bannings Kleinschmidt addressed the United Nations Security Council and predicted that the majority of those now banned from expressing their opposition within the legal domain were likely now to work with the ANC underground or in exile. Most Church and Black Consciousness groups rejected this prediction and ostracise him. Kleinschmidt’s prediction became validated over time and he became the link between clergy, students and legal practitioners inside South Africa who sought to secretly develop a relationship with the outlawed exile operation of the African National Congress.
In 1979, Kleinschmidt accepted work in London with the International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa (IDAF). In 1982 he succeeded as its director, the founder of IDAF, Canon Collins of St Paul’s Cathedral, London. When he died the IDAF Board was chaired by Archbishop emeritus Trevor Huddleston. The organisation had been outlawed in South Africa in 1966 but had carried on from abroad to fund lawyers in political trials in South Africa, Northern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe today) and South West Africa (Namibia today). Funds were transferred through an elaborate network of secret conduits. IDAF also provided financial support to the families of those incarcerated. And IDAF published extensively, providing facts and analyses of racist rule. Kleinschmidt himself worked in the sensitive legal aid division of IDAF. He also raised much-needed funds. Sweden and the other Scandinavian countries were the principal donors. The increased resistance in the mid 80’s and the corresponding military and police repression caused IDAF to have to expand and become one of the largest NGOs in the United Kingdom at that time, with a staff of 75 and an annual turnover of £10 million (R125 million).
Kleinschmidt served on the organising committee of the two huge International Tribute Concerts held at Wembley Stadium in London, calling for the release of Nelson Mandela. The concerts were televised in 67 countries to an audience of 600 million. They raised worldwide consciousness and pressure for all political prisoners to be released.
Kleinschmidt also chaired different committees that channelled European aid funds via European NGOs to South African NGOs. The money supported civil society organisations campaigning for human rights and development programmes that aided the people discriminated against in South Africa.
In 1987, he organised an international conference in Harare, Zimbabwe, to highlight the atrocities committed against children in South African prisons. Scores of survivors were assisted to travel to Zimbabwe and testify about their experiences.
In 1990, Kleinschmidt attended the independence celebrations of his native Namibia, his first authorised return to southern Africa in 15 years.
In 1990, following the unbanning of all outlawed organisations, Kleinschmidt returned to South Africa. Despite initial harassment by Security Police, he was able to move freely and visit associates. In 1991, he was granted amnesty from prosecution for any acts he might have committed during the apartheid years and he returned to live in South Africa in December of that year, with his life partner, Christine Crowley.
In 1991, Kleinschmidt was awarded the Austrian Bruno Kreisky prize for Services to Human Rights. In 1999, he was knighted by the king of Sweden with the Order of the Polar Star (First Class) for his role in aiding political detainees and prisoners in southern Africa.
Back in South Africa, he worked for Lawyers for Human Rights and the Kagiso Trust where he became its director in 1996. In 1998 he took over as head of the Mvula Trust, an organisation that provided water and sanitation services in unserved rural areas of South Africa.
In the run-up to the first democratic elections in South Africa he founded an ANC branch in Pretoria and served as the party’s election agent in Pretoria in 1994. Following the elections he served as a volunteer worker at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, assisting with the inauguration of President Mandela.
In 2000, Kleinschmidt was asked to head up the Fisheries Ministry in Cape Town. He was tasked to deal with corrupt practices in the sector and to devise and implement a system that would equitably, within the rule of law and in a transparent manner, allocate the fishing quotas previously allocated to white companies and individuals. Kleinschmidt achieved significant progress in these areas and is now widely credited for ringing in far-reaching changes. One large and well-known fishing company was exposed for rampant over fishing and corruption and forced to close down and pay compensation for over-fishing and bribing government officials.
The new system for allocating fishing quotas devised by Kleinschmidt and a small team of trusted experts was implemented and by 2005, over 60% of ownership and management of the fishing industry was in black and/or female hands. In the course of his work, Kleinschmidt’s life was threatened and he was held hostage either by white interests wedded to the old order, or black interests seeking a bigger share of quota than they had been given. He was also taken to court on more than 40 occasions. In almost all these cases, the courts found in favour of the new quota allocation system and, in a landmark judgement, the fair and transparent system was validated by the Constitutional Court. In 2001 the Black Business Council honoured Kleinschmidt for his contribution to Black Economic Empowerment.
As part of his duties in the Fisheries Department, Kleinschmidt was responsible for South Africa’s base and research programme in Antarctica. In 2004, he chaired the International Antarctic Treaty Conference in Cape Town, South Africa. He visited SANAE IV, the South African base in Antarctica, on two occasions; in 2005 to host Queen Sonja of Norway on her visit to the base. Also in 2004, he was elected vice chairperson of the International Whaling Commission at its annual meeting in Sorrento, Italy. Another part of his duties was to conduct negotiations over the access rights by foreign countries to South Africa’s fishing waters. He was responsible for ending the preferential access rights Japan and Taiwan had enjoyed during the apartheid years. The rights had allowed them to catch tunas and sharks in South African waters. He also successfully opposed the best efforts of the European Union to gain access to local fisheries resources.
In 2005, Kleinschmidt resigned from his government post. He felt that unreasonable demands were being made on him to rapidly and radically change his staff complement by ridding his section of white and ‘Coloured’ staff, including scientists and hiring black staff, without regard to qualification or skill.
He then founded an environmental consultancy, Feike (Pty) Ltd. Until he retired he also served in a voluntary capacity on the Boards of the South African History Archives, the Claude Leon charitable foundation, the Studies in Poverty and Inequality Institute and others. He continues to lend active support to civil rights issues that pertain to Masiphumelele and Ocean View.
He currently researches and is writing a book on, and the production of a documentary film on, Dominee Beyers Naudé.
________________
Name: Kleinschmidt, Horst Gerhard Hermann.
Address: 10 Jacobs Ladder, St James, 7945, Cape Town.
Tel. numbers: 021 788 2174 0r 361 2790
Email: [email protected]
Born: 17 October 1945, Swakopmund, Namibia.
In summary: Human Rights activist, leader in the National Union of South African Students (NUSAS) and South African Christian Institute (CI). Detained under apartheid laws and eventually forced into exile. In exile he represented Beyers Naudé and became the head of International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa (IDAF). Post 1994 he worked in the service delivery and human rights sectors and for Government as head of the Fisheries Department.
In 1949 his family moved to Johannesburg where he grew up. His schooling took place at the German School in Johannesburg and partly at Hoër Jongens Skool, Paarl.
Kleinschmidt comes from a family of missionaries, the earliest of whom arrived at the Cape in 1811. In 1814, German-born Missionary Hinrich Schmelen and Khoenkhoen-born Zara Hendricks-//Geixas from Pella on the Gariep, later Orange River. When they lived in Komaggas, Northern Cape, one of their three daughters married Missionary Heinrich Kleinschmidt in 1842. The family was split by the racial practices that prevailed in both the London and the Rhenish Mission Societies, the laws of the British and German Colonial administrations in southern Africa and, finally, by apartheid. Kleinschmidt continues his quest to reconcile his family divided by prejudice and skin colour. In 2014 and 2017 he was instrumental in organising united family gatherings in Komaggas, Northern Cape and in Fransfontein, Namibia.
Kleinschmidt attended the University of the Witwatersrand from 1966 to 1969 and received a bachelor’s degree in Afrikaans and German and holds a teaching diploma from the Johannesburg College of Education. He never taught because he and the education authorities clashed over his political activities.
In 1969 Kleinschmidt was elected Vice President of NUSAS was elected Vice Chairperson of the Student Representative Council at the Johannesburg College of Education.
In particular, three events clouded his career prospects: he had invited a black speaker to address the students on campus – something the authorities disallowed; he wrote articles about black education, had these published in the local student magazine and provided hundreds of extra copies for students at black campuses where publications containing dissent were not allowed. And in 1969 he and other student leaders led a student march to the infamous John Vorster Square police station where Winnie Mandela and 20 others were being held without charge or trial. The protest was against detention without charge or trial. He and others were arrested, charged and found guilty under the Riotous Assemblies Act (General Laws Amendment Act). The Rector of the Education College warned Kleinschmidt that he had placed his education career in jeopardy.
In 1971, Kleinschmidt was charged under the Suppression of Communism Act for possession of banned (forbidden) literature after a raid on his flat in Milnerton, Cape Town. The raid resulted from the arrest and murder by the police of Ahmed Timol. Timol appeared to have an address list on which Kleinschmidt’s name appeared. Kleinschmidt was acquitted in court with a warning.
In 1972, he started work for the South African Christian Institute led by Dominee Beyers Naudé, the dissident white Afrikaner leader. Appointed with him was Steve Biko, founder of the Black Consciousness movement in South Africa. The two were friends and had collaborated since student days. In that year, the authorities permanently withdrew Kleinschmidt’s passport, preventing him from traveling abroad. When Winnie Mandela was imprisoned for six months in 1974, for breaking her banning order, Nelson Mandela (from prison on Robben Island and through his attorney) and Winnie Mandela, appointed Kleinschmidt as the legal guardian of the two Mandela daughters, Zenani and Zindzi.
In 1974, the all-white Parliament of South Africa appointed a Commission to secretly probe the activities of the Christian Institute and other organisations. Together with the other leadership of the Christian Institute, Kleinschmidt refused to testify unless the proceedings were held in the open. For this they were charged under the Commissions Act. In Kleinschmidt’s case a ‘mistrial’ was recorded due to technical errors committed by the prosecution. His wife at the time, Ilona was sentenced to six months imprisonment. When she presented herself at the prison, she found that an anonymous person had paid her fine. It later transpired that a white politician had arranged payment to prevent her from becoming a martyr to the anti-apartheid cause.
In 1975, a month after he was appointed Assistant to Ds Beyers Naudé, Kleinschmidt was detained under Section 6 of the Terrorism Act that gave police powers to detain and interrogate persons without charge or a court hearing. He spent 73 days in solitary confinement. The police suspected him of having been recruited by an underground organisation led by the Afrikaans poet, Breyten Breytenbach who was arrested on the grounds of forming an illegal organisation. When no links between the two could be established, Kleinschmidt was released.
Whilst working at the Christian Institute his duties included finding evidence of people who had “disappeared”. At the time, police would regularly detain activists without admitting to the arrests. Secretly, he provided Amnesty International and the International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa (IDAF) with his information.
In 1973 he acted as election agent in the white elections to field a Social Democrat candidate, Peter Randall, also an employee of the Christian Institute.
After his release, Kleinschmidt returned to the Christian Institute. For the first time he also carried out work for the outlawed and underground African National Congress. When he and his group were tipped off that they were about to be arrested, Kleinschmidt fled South Africa. Many of his associates were later arrested and sentenced to long periods of imprisonment in the trial known as the “Tokyo Sexwale and 11 others” trial. Because Kleinschmidt did not have a passport to leave South Africa, a friend – the Reverend Cedric Mayson – flew him in as a ‘parcel’ in a light aircraft to neighbouring Botswana. Despite round the clock surveillance of his home, the authorities did not detect his escape. Kleinschmidt spent 15 years in exile, the first three of which were in the Netherlands, and the remainder in the United Kingdom.
Kleinschmidt has one daughter, Zindzi Nadja, born in 1974. From the age of two until she was nine, she was refused a passport and was therefore unable to visit her father. When Helen Suzman, opposition member of Parliament, questioned the refusal to grant Zindzi Kleinschmidt a passport, the Minister of Police, Jimmy Kruger, replied: “I know the age of the applicant; I will still refuse her a passport.”
After Kleinschmidt’s escape from South Africa in April 1976 Naudé appointed him Overseas Representative of the Christian Institute, based in Utrecht, Netherlands. In October 1977, the Christian Institute, together with all Black Consciousness organisations, was outlawed in South Africa. Immediately after the bannings Kleinschmidt addressed the United Nations Security Council and predicted that the majority of those now banned from expressing their opposition within the legal domain were likely now to work with the ANC underground or in exile. Most Church and Black Consciousness groups rejected this prediction and ostracise him. Kleinschmidt’s prediction became validated over time and he became the link between clergy, students and legal practitioners inside South Africa who sought to secretly develop a relationship with the outlawed exile operation of the African National Congress.
In 1979, Kleinschmidt accepted work in London with the International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa (IDAF). In 1982 he succeeded as its director, the founder of IDAF, Canon Collins of St Paul’s Cathedral, London. When he died the IDAF Board was chaired by Archbishop emeritus Trevor Huddleston. The organisation had been outlawed in South Africa in 1966 but had carried on from abroad to fund lawyers in political trials in South Africa, Northern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe today) and South West Africa (Namibia today). Funds were transferred through an elaborate network of secret conduits. IDAF also provided financial support to the families of those incarcerated. And IDAF published extensively, providing facts and analyses of racist rule. Kleinschmidt himself worked in the sensitive legal aid division of IDAF. He also raised much-needed funds. Sweden and the other Scandinavian countries were the principal donors. The increased resistance in the mid 80’s and the corresponding military and police repression caused IDAF to have to expand and become one of the largest NGOs in the United Kingdom at that time, with a staff of 75 and an annual turnover of £10 million (R125 million).
Kleinschmidt served on the organising committee of the two huge International Tribute Concerts held at Wembley Stadium in London, calling for the release of Nelson Mandela. The concerts were televised in 67 countries to an audience of 600 million. They raised worldwide consciousness and pressure for all political prisoners to be released.
Kleinschmidt also chaired different committees that channelled European aid funds via European NGOs to South African NGOs. The money supported civil society organisations campaigning for human rights and development programmes that aided the people discriminated against in South Africa.
In 1987, he organised an international conference in Harare, Zimbabwe, to highlight the atrocities committed against children in South African prisons. Scores of survivors were assisted to travel to Zimbabwe and testify about their experiences.
In 1990, Kleinschmidt attended the independence celebrations of his native Namibia, his first authorised return to southern Africa in 15 years.
In 1990, following the unbanning of all outlawed organisations, Kleinschmidt returned to South Africa. Despite initial harassment by Security Police, he was able to move freely and visit associates. In 1991, he was granted amnesty from prosecution for any acts he might have committed during the apartheid years and he returned to live in South Africa in December of that year, with his life partner, Christine Crowley.
In 1991, Kleinschmidt was awarded the Austrian Bruno Kreisky prize for Services to Human Rights. In 1999, he was knighted by the king of Sweden with the Order of the Polar Star (First Class) for his role in aiding political detainees and prisoners in southern Africa.
Back in South Africa, he worked for Lawyers for Human Rights and the Kagiso Trust where he became its director in 1996. In 1998 he took over as head of the Mvula Trust, an organisation that provided water and sanitation services in unserved rural areas of South Africa.
In the run-up to the first democratic elections in South Africa he founded an ANC branch in Pretoria and served as the party’s election agent in Pretoria in 1994. Following the elections he served as a volunteer worker at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, assisting with the inauguration of President Mandela.
In 2000, Kleinschmidt was asked to head up the Fisheries Ministry in Cape Town. He was tasked to deal with corrupt practices in the sector and to devise and implement a system that would equitably, within the rule of law and in a transparent manner, allocate the fishing quotas previously allocated to white companies and individuals. Kleinschmidt achieved significant progress in these areas and is now widely credited for ringing in far-reaching changes. One large and well-known fishing company was exposed for rampant over fishing and corruption and forced to close down and pay compensation for over-fishing and bribing government officials.
The new system for allocating fishing quotas devised by Kleinschmidt and a small team of trusted experts was implemented and by 2005, over 60% of ownership and management of the fishing industry was in black and/or female hands. In the course of his work, Kleinschmidt’s life was threatened and he was held hostage either by white interests wedded to the old order, or black interests seeking a bigger share of quota than they had been given. He was also taken to court on more than 40 occasions. In almost all these cases, the courts found in favour of the new quota allocation system and, in a landmark judgement, the fair and transparent system was validated by the Constitutional Court. In 2001 the Black Business Council honoured Kleinschmidt for his contribution to Black Economic Empowerment.
As part of his duties in the Fisheries Department, Kleinschmidt was responsible for South Africa’s base and research programme in Antarctica. In 2004, he chaired the International Antarctic Treaty Conference in Cape Town, South Africa. He visited SANAE IV, the South African base in Antarctica, on two occasions; in 2005 to host Queen Sonja of Norway on her visit to the base. Also in 2004, he was elected vice chairperson of the International Whaling Commission at its annual meeting in Sorrento, Italy. Another part of his duties was to conduct negotiations over the access rights by foreign countries to South Africa’s fishing waters. He was responsible for ending the preferential access rights Japan and Taiwan had enjoyed during the apartheid years. The rights had allowed them to catch tunas and sharks in South African waters. He also successfully opposed the best efforts of the European Union to gain access to local fisheries resources.
In 2005, Kleinschmidt resigned from his government post. He felt that unreasonable demands were being made on him to rapidly and radically change his staff complement by ridding his section of white and ‘Coloured’ staff, including scientists and hiring black staff, without regard to qualification or skill.
He then founded an environmental consultancy, Feike (Pty) Ltd. Until he retired he also served in a voluntary capacity on the Boards of the South African History Archives, the Claude Leon charitable foundation, the Studies in Poverty and Inequality Institute and others. He continues to lend active support to civil rights issues that pertain to Masiphumelele and Ocean View.
He currently researches and is writing a book on, and the production of a documentary film on, Dominee Beyers Naudé.
________________
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The spaces that occupy in my life that loom large. 2023 |
| Enemies of the State.pdf |
Afrikaans poet Breyten Breytenbach attempted organise a white resistance movement under the ANC in 1975 when he entered the country in disguise. His romantic folly was soon discovered by the the police and he was detained under the Terrorism Act. Under interrogation he stated that he intended to recruit Horst Kleinschmidt. The police did not believe this and thought HK was already recruited. This caused HK's detention under the same act. Many others were detained because of him. Breytenbach served a long prison sentence. The others were released at the end of his trial.
Immo Kleinschmidt, Marc Eidler and sister Tamara with Horst Kleinschmidt in the Namib with the 'moon landscape behind, after strewing Mutti's ashes in the desert 2016
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Horst and Ilona during ilona's brother's bar-mitzvah in Bloemfontein during the late 1960's
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